The Issue Of Human Trafficking - 875 Words

Introduction There is a wide misconception among Americans that support the idea that human trafficking is something that only occurs overseas and not something that takes place in the United States. As a country that puts a huge value on freedom of choice, many U.S. citizens naively wish to believe that such an inhumane offense could never occur on our own free soil. Unfortunately, this notion is not true at all and domestic trafficking is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed within our own borders. In addition to this disturbing crime occurring in our country, it is apparent that female immigrants are the most at risk of being victims of this crime. A better understanding of why this crime occurs would be beneficial in all aspects of the law and would aid in preventing domestic trafficking from reoccurring and in helping those more at risk to become safer. From a policing standpoint it is clear that only through a more comprehensive and in-depth look into what provokes criminals to becom e involved in domestic trafficking, by utilizing different criminological theories, can there be any real changes. The key is not only to stop one specific instance of domestic trafficking in the U.S. but to also aid in preventing it from reoccurring. It is also important to utilize different criminal theories when considering what makes immigrant women more vulnerable when it comes to this specific crime. If more officers of the law become more educated regarding the differentShow MoreRelatedThe Issue of Human Trafficking1116 Words   |  5 Pagesis still a very prevalent issue today, under the name of human trafficking. Human traffickers are those who victimize others in their desire to profit from the existing demand. People of all ages, even children, are recruited and taken from all around the world and forced into acts such as prostitution, war, and extreme labor. Many people are not aware of these events occurring at all, and more awareness needs to be brought to this topic. Human trafficking exists for a few reasons. OneRead MoreThe Issue of Human Trafficking1512 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery† is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor and exploitation; referring to using others for sexual exploitation, organ trafficking, and forced labor. This international crime is happening all around us and little to nothing is being done by governments. â€Å"Roughly two hundred thousand slaves are working here in America† (Madox). So the land of the free, well, it might not be so free after all. Coming in second after drug trafficking, â€Å"human trafficking generates about 35 billion dollarsRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking1481 Words   |  6 Pages Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations as the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. Unfortunately, human trafficking is a crime that occurs globally with many men, women, and children being forced to work as laborers and or sex workers. As is the case with many crimes, the statistics regarding human trafficking are sensationalized, making it seem as if it is more prevalent than it actually is. Many tag the SuperRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking779 Words   |  4 Pages14. Human trafficking was not defined in international, regional, and national laws until the late 2000s in Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking Protocol) , and the optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Ch ild Pornography (CRC Protocol) . 15. At the same token, RwandaRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is An Issue1348 Words   |  6 Pagesthat slavery is no longer existent, it still is very popular, and it’s human trafficking. Human trafficking is an issue everywhere, but it has always been a major issue in Bangladesh. Human trafficking is still an issue because it s still legal in some areas, and the government doesn t make an effort to help the young women and children who are as young as twelve in the trafficking business. The truth is, human trafficking is happening right in front of our faces, and in every country.These peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2654 Words   |  11 PagesAccording to the UNDOC, human trafficking is the acquisition of people by illegal means such as force, fraud, deception, abduction or coercion for the purpose of exploiting them. This vice is one of the main international policy concerns of the 21st century that is spreading at an alarming rate. Often, human trafficking is confused with human migration and smuggling even though the three terms are completely different. Unlike human trafficking, human migration and smuggling involves migration/transportationRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking Essay1836 Words   |  8 Pagescommunity, better known as human trafficking by society. Human trafficking is the illegal traffic of individuals for the purposes of sexual exploitation and commercial achievements. Individuals are misplaced and forced into slavery throughout the state. The targets of human trafficking are mostly women and children, some children are as young as 13 years old, and this act is called â€Å"child-trafficking†. This issue is not only of a safety matter but also of a public health issue. The victims are kept inRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking4049 Words   |  17 Pageshave been raised over the years in regards to the issue of human trafficking. Countless international groups such as charities have tried to increase pub lic awareness around the issue of trafficking of human beings and at the same time have encouraged governmental bodies to acknowledge this problem that its affecting people around the world and which has increased dramatically over the past years (Newburn, 2013,pp.430-431). The trafficking of human beings has reached a global level, with thousandsRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking2669 Words   |  11 Pages Human Trafficking Defining my topic human trafficking is when people are really slaved and by selling their body well being told to do it. My topic is a human rights issue because it is part of slavery. In spite of the fact that servitude is generally thought to be a relic of times gone by, human trafficking still exists today all through the United States and all inclusive when traffickers utilization power, misrepresentationRead MoreCombatting the Issue of Human Trafficking1294 Words   |  5 Pagesresolutions for combating the issue of human trafficking , both locally and nationally. I chose to investigate two existing social awareness campaigns located in Ohio. The reasons I decided to explore these two organizations is because of the obvious, that my classmates and I are in the state of Ohio but overall, it is due to the fact that this state ranks number five in the nation for human trafficking. There are explanations behind the ranking of Ohio for this issue. The first explanatio n

What Is Organizational Behavior - 1458 Words

Organizational Behavior - a systematic study of a person’s behavior. Several issues of interest to organizational behavior researchers: Motivation, Emotions, Personality and Communication. (Self Assessment Library? IV.G.1) Interpersonal Skills: A. Importance of Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace. Previously, Business School focused on technical aspects of management, inc: econ, accounting, finance, etc. Human Behavior and People skills was barely covered. Last 30 years though, business teachers have realized the role of understanding human behavior in determining a manager’s effectiveness and thusly required courses on people skills are now included in MBA programs. Why? Developing a manager’s interpersonal†¦show more content†¦PEOPLE SKILLS! It’s important! But we don’t call it that, we call it ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR or OB (which is also the abbreviation for Obstetrician, but who’s counting) This field studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: 1. Individuals 2. Groups 3. Structure In sum, it’s the study of what people do and how their behavior affects the organizations’ performance. This includes: leader behavior, communication, group structure, learning, attitude development, conflict, work design and work stress. COMPLEMENTING INTUITION WITH SYSTEMATIC STUDY Casual/common sense approach to â€Å"reading people† often leads to erroneous predictions. You can improve your predictive ability with supplementing intuition with a SYSTEMATIC APPROACH - this is the belief that behavior is NOT random. Rather, we can identify behavior and modify it to reflect individual differences. SYSTEMATIC STUDY: ie: Fundamental Consistencies - these are important because while behavior is generally predictable, the systematic study of behavior means making reasonable predictions based on said study - cause and effect, relationships and scientific evidence. EBM: Evidence-Based Management - compliments Systematic Study by basing management decisionsShow MoreRelatedwhat is organizational behavior1418 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿1. What is Organizational Behavior? Study of the impact individuals, groups, and structure has on behavior within an organization. This is studied by managers to improve an organizations work environment to find methods to increase the bottom line. Basically it is a study of the way people act within an organization when exposed to different elements such as leadership styles, behaviors of others, and incentives. 2. Maslow theory hierarchy of needs? Physiological- Basic needs or body needs; foodRead MoreWhat Are Organizational Behavior? Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pages1.4 What is Organizational Behavior? Organizational behavior is the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people – as individuals and as groups – act within organizations. On the other hand, OB is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. Organizations: Organizations are groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. Goals of organizational behavior -Describe: Systematically, how people behave under a variety of conditionsRead MoreWhat is Organizational Behavior?1215 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behaviour is the â€Å"study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations† (McShane Steen, 2012 p.480). In seminar class on week 6, we completed both in person and in team the winter survival exercise as a class. The winter survival exercise is made up of a list a group of survivors need after crash-landing with a small plane in the woods of Southern Manitoba. The list ranges from ball of steel wool, newspaper, .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and family-size chocolate bar (one per person). DuringRead MoreWhat is an organization? At what three levels is organizational behavior usually examined?1484 Words   |  6 Pages1. What is an organization? At what three levels is organizational behavior usually examined?More specifically, organization design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information a nd technology of an organization. It is used to match the form of the organization as closely as possible to the purpose(s) the organization seeks to achieve. Through the design process, organizations act to improve the probability that the collective efforts of members will be successful. TypicallyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior - What Are the Sources of Conflict for These Conflict Incidents743 Words   |  3 Pages09901366442 – 09902787224 Organizational Behavior    Q1.  Do you believe people are really getting smarter? Why or why not? Q2.  Which of the factors explaining the Flynn Effect do you buy? Q3.  Are there any societal advantages of disadvantages to the Flynn Effect? Q4.  What performance problems is the captain trying to correct? Q5.  Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to diagnose the possible causes of the unacceptable behavior. Q6.  Has the captain consideredRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Citizen Behavior And How Much Difference Does It Make An Organization?805 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction: What is Organisational Citizen behavior and how much difference does it make to an organisation? Will it affect the over all mood and performance of the place. Does this behavior only affect employees or all staff including all levels of management? Could some of the theories seem utopian and unrealistic considering the multileveled aspects of human behaviors? What type of impact does externals, things like cultural norms and societal traditions have on the implementation of a successfulRead MoreOrganizational Behavior - What Is Kaizen I Low Is This Different from a One-Step Leap Forward737 Words   |  3 Pages09901366442 – 09902787224 Organizational Behavior    Q1.  Do you believe people are really getting smarter? Why or why not? Q2.  Which of the factors explaining the Flynn Effect do you buy? Q3.  Are there any societal advantages of disadvantages to the Flynn Effect? Q4.  What performance problems is the captain trying to correct? Q5.  Use the MARS model of individual behavior and performance to diagnose the possible causes of the unacceptable behavior. Q6.  Has the captain consideredRead MoreThe Relevance Of Organizational Behavior1202 Words   |  5 Pagesterms, organizational behavior concerns itself with the behavior of individuals in the organizational setting. This text concerns itself with the study of organizational behavior. In so doing, this paper will amongst other things address not only the various concepts associated with organizational behavior but also the relevance of studying the same as an academic discipline. Organizational Behavior: A Concise Definition In seeking to define organizational behavior, we must first define what an organizationRead MoreMGT 312 Entire Course1103 Words   |  5 PagesWEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper       Write  a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the role and purpose of organizational behavior. Explain the main components of organizational behavior.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Provide examples of how these organizational behavior components relate to your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include  at least two scholarly citations from the library.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior PaperRead MoreIndividual Behaviour Research Paper983 Words   |  4 Pages3rd lecture Individual Behavior Prof. Dr. Robert J. Zaugg robert.zaugg@unifr.ch Individual Behavior Learning Objectives †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Explain the nature of the individual-organization relationship Define personality and describe personality attributes that affect behavior in organizations Discuss individual attitudes in organizations and how they affect behavior Describe basic perceptual processes and the role of attributions in organizations Explain how workplace behaviors can directly or indirectly

Global Internet Censorship Free Essays

string(90) " a murder in Shanghai over a virtual sword used in the online game ‘Legend of Mir 3’\." What aspects of the internet make global censorship difficult? Why might a government be inclined to impose internet censorship on its citizens? Is global internet censorship moral? Internet Censorship has been a topic of much debate and growing concern in the past decade. According to the OpenNet Initiative, the number of countries seeking to control access of content on the internet has been rising rapidly (Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide n. d). We will write a custom essay sample on Global Internet Censorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reporters Without Borders published a list of thirteen countries as ‘internet enemies’ in 2006. The list consisted of Belarus, Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). The Chinese government has restricted internet access so heavily that it is called the ‘Great Firewall of China’ (Healy, 2007: 158). Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) also have heavy restrictions on gambling, pornography, homosexuality and anti-Islamic sites. According to the OpenNet Initiative, the four main reasons why a government imposes censorship are securing Intellectual Property (IP) rights, protecting national security, preserving cultural norms and religious value and shielding children from pornography and exploitation (Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide n. d). Global censorship may not be as easy as it sounds. Many aspects of the internet make global censorship difficult. The absence of a centralized hub is one of the main reasons why global internet censorship may not be feasible. As of now only individual countries have imposed censorships through their Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The internet is extremely vast and there is no way people can be employed to check on every single content that is put up on the web. Automated checking tools are not as effective and can only filter content to some extent. The internet is a many-to-many media and people all around the world can post web pages. It is thus quite difficult for one agency or government to curb all activities on the internet that may be deemed offensive to them. Along with all its benefits the internet also brings with itself a lot of harms. Hacking, identity theft, pedophilia etc are just some of them. In September 2006, Time. com reported that Brazilian prosecutors claimed that a number of pedophiles, anti-Semites and racists lurk around the country’s most popular social networking site, Google’s orkut (Downie, A. 2006). There has been a recent uproar in Dubai, regarding orkut where some members of the public questioned why the site was not banned and that certain communities were posting immoral material. Dubai-based lawyer Abdul Hamid Al Kumity, of Al Kumity Advocates, said according to Article 15 of the UAE’s cyber crime laws, people risked a jail term of between six months and three years, and a fine of up to Dh30,000, for making, constructing, exhibiting, showing, circulating, inducing or impelling people to watch a website with obscene, immoral, pornographic or erotic material. Article 15(4) puts those who public ise such websites for others to watch or attract people to such websites at risk of a fine or a jail term. According to Article 13, anybody who allows youngsters to access such websites or helps them in viewing them will be punished with a fine or a jail term of up to five years’ (Bardsley 2007). Thus after a huge public uproar, orkut has been blocked by the country’s most popular ISP – Etisalat. The main reasons why a government might be inclined to impose internet censorship on its citizens are to protect the regional moral values, to protect children and to protect the country. Preserving moral values of the country would include the censorship of any site deemed offensive in the context of religion, culture and relationships. Homosexuality is considered an offence in the UAE and all sites related to the topic are blocked in the region. Most dating service sites are also blocked. Anti-Islamic and Pro-Christian sites such as those preaching conversion to Christianity are also blocked by the ISPs. The second reason of protecting children would include keeping adult content from children and keeping the children safe from paedophiles. National security is the other main reason why a country would be forced to impose internet censorship. The political sentiments of a country are likely to be kept a secret by the government. On the other hand we do have countries like China whose suppression of important information has led to not only national but international problems. ‘The SARS crisis in 2004, and the contamination of the Songhua River in 2006, which affected millions of lives in China and Russia, serve as particularly deadly examples’ (New HRIC Report Details State Secrets System 2007). Terrorism is another reason. The governments of most countries are keeping a strict watch out for any material posted on the internet linking to terrorism. ‘The National Institute of Justice defines computer crime as any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is used to commit the offence’ (Stamatellos 2007:11). On the fifth of July 2007, three â€Å"cyber-jihadis† who used the internet to urge Muslims to wage holy war on non-believers were jailed for between six-and-a-half and ten years in the first case of its kind on Britain (Gulf News, 2007:20). The governments also censor content to protect the political sentiments of the country. In Belarus, for example, ‘in March 2006, several websites critical of President Alexandre Lukashenko mysteriously disappeared from the Internet for several days’ (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). Similar acts by the governments are seen in most other countries listed by the Reporters Without Borders. Governments also impose censorship so that none of its secrets are disclosed. The governments do so to control and maintain their power. People around the world, adults and teenagers alike have created virtual characters or avatars for online gaming purposes. Sites like ‘Xfire’ and games like ‘World of WarCraft’ have people from around the world addicted. These games have led to crimes in the real and virtual worlds. There was an incident of a murder in Shanghai over a virtual sword used in the online game ‘Legend of Mir 3’. You read "Global Internet Censorship" in category "Papers" When the dispute had started between the two individuals, the authorities were informed but they could not acknowledge virtual properties. In South Korea these kinds of violence and murders are so common that the police call it ‘offline PK’ which stands for offline player killing. The game ‘Lineage: The Blood Pledge’ is so popular in South Korea that the number of acts of violence aggravated by this game came to a point where the authorities had to create a special cyber-crime unit to patrol both online and offline. These interventions of the government are totally justifiable since the safety of the public is at stake. ‘Kantian ethics is the moral theory of Immanuel Kant or any theory that ncorporates some of Kant’s central claims or claims similar to Kant’s. Kant’s most basic claim is that nothing can be conceived to be good unconditionally and without qualification except a good will’ (Werhane et al. , 1998: 356). From the Kantian perspective, internet censorship is legal in the sense that the government is only protecting its citizens from possible harms an d other data that maybe be deemed sensitive or offensive as far as the religion or the governing body of that country is concerned. In the above mentioned example of setting up online communities on orkut in Dubai, most people in Dubai do not know the laws against it and they think that they are anonymous on the Internet whereas that is not the case. The government can get the IP addresses from Google server and track down the person easily. Since the main intention of the government is to protect the people, from the Kantianism point of view, internet censorship is moral. Contractarianism has been identified to have its origins from Plato’s ‘Republic’ (Sayre-McCord, 2000: 247). Social Contract Theory which is a part of contractarianism is based on rights. People have a right to information which is blocked by the government. Along with offensive sites, the governments also block sites which may be educational or useful otherwise. The government of UAE, for example, has blocked Yahoo’s web album site Flickr due to some indecent content, but most people use the site to share photographs with friends and family around the world. In addition to right to privacy internet censorship denies people their freedom of expression. According to a report by Reporters Without Borders, 52 people in China were in prison for expressing themselves too freely online at the time of publishing the report (List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published 2006). Thus self-censorship would also be in full-force, in addition to all the other governmental censorship. From the citizen’s perspective, evaluating with the social contract theory, global internet censorship is immoral. Frey defines Act-Utilitarianism as a view that ‘an act is right if its consequences are at least as good as those of any alternative’ (2000: 165). The main advantages of global internet censorship may be protecting children from inappropriate content, protecting moral values of the general public, protecting individual countries and their political sentiments and securing IP rights. The main harms may include the fact that important information that the public deserves to know may be with held. Secondly blocking sites such as Flickr due to some explicit content may not be justified keeping in consideration the public at large because most people use it to share photos with their kith and kin around the world. Thirdly sometimes biological information may be with held because it is deemed explicit. Sometimes sites related to topics that are acceptable in some countries may be blocked because they are considered offensive in other countries. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) sites such as skype was banned by the UAE’s ISP Etisalat so that the people are forced to use their telephone for long distance calls and they would not lose out on their profits. This is also a harm in the sense that the government is denying the public of new technology for monetary benefit. Since the harms of internet censorship outweigh their benefits, internet censorship is immoral. ‘Rule-consequentialism holds that any code of rules is to be evaluated in terms of how much good could reasonably be expected to result from the code’ and good stands for whatever has non-instrumental value (Hooker, 2000:183). According to him Utilitarians are the most prominent type of consequentialists and they believe that utility is the only thing with non-instrumental value. ‘The term â€Å"rule-utilitarianism† is usually used to refer to theories that evaluate acts in terms of rules selected for their utility – i. . for their effects on social well-being’ (Hooker, 2000: 185). From the rule-utilitarian point of view, the main benefits remain the same, securing IPs, protecting political sentiments, protecting children and protecting religious and moral values. The harms, on the other hand, are violation of the public’s right to information , their right to freedom of expression, their right to decide for themselves as to what is right and what is wrong and their right to new technology. Moreover in a few years time, it is possible that people will be relying completely on the internet for news and entertainment. So the laws pertaining to newspapers should be applicable to the internet as well. Thus since the harms outweigh the benefits, global internet censorship is immoral from the Rule-Utilitarian perspective. We have seen that all countries do not filter the same content. When China filters out all pro-democracy sites, the concept is unthinkable of by most other countries. When homosexuality and same-sex marriages are acceptable in countries like UK and some states of the US, it is looked down upon by most other parts of the world. Thus filtering these content on the internet may not be accepted by all. What may be normal in some countries may be completely offensive in some other. Therefore global internet censorship is not a panacea. References Bardsley,D. , 2007. Orkut users should report offensive material. Gulf News, 4 July. p. 2. Downie, A. , 2006. Google and the Pedophiles. Time [online] 6th September, Available: http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1531986,00. html, [cited 4th July 2007] Frey, R. G. , 2000 ‘Act-Utilitarianism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafollette, H. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 165-182 Available: http://www. etlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] Healy, S. , 2007. ‘The great firewall of China. (Looking at the Law)’ Social Education [online] 71(3), p 158 Available from Expanded Academic ASAP via Thomson Gale http://www. galegroup. com [cited 28th June 2007] Hooker, B. , 2000 ‘Rule Consequentialism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafolle tte, H. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 183-204 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] N. A, 1998 The Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Business Ethics [e-book] ed. Werhane, P H. Freeman R. E. Blackwell Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA p. 356 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] N. A, 2006, ‘List of the 13 Internet Enemies in 2006 Published’, Reporters without Borders [online], 7th November, Available: http://www. rsf. org/article. php3? id_article=19603 [cited 6th July 2007] N. A. , 2007, ‘New HRIC Report Details State Secrets System’ Human Rights in China [online] 12 June Available:http://hrichina. org/public/contents/press? revision%5fid=41505%5fid=41500 [cited 4th July 2007] N. A. , 2007, ‘Three jailed for using Web to wage war’ Gulf News 6 July. . 20. N. A. , n d ‘Documenting Internet Content Filtering Worldwide’ OpenNet Initiative [online] Available:http://www. opennetinitiative. org/modules. php? op=modload=Sections=index=viewarticle=1 [cited 20th June 2007] Sayre-McCord, G. , 2000 ‘Contractarianism’ in The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory [e-book] ed. Lafollette, H. Black well Publishers, Malden Massachusetts USA, pp. 247-267 Available: http://www. netlibrary. com [cited 29th June 2007] Stamatellos, G. , 2007, Computer Ethics, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. p. 11. How to cite Global Internet Censorship, Papers

Macroeconomic Equilibrium Determination

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomic Equilibrium Determination. Answer: Introduction The main objective of this paper is to determine the position of the macroeconomic equilibrium. This is derived from the analysis of the aggregate demand (AD) and both the short and the long run aggregate supply. The analysis will commence by describing the three curves and explaining the reason for the direction in which they slope. This paper will try to confirm the reason as to why a stable equilibrium has to be at the position where the operating output level is at the point where the AD curve and both the short run and the long run AS curve intersect. The AD curve shows a macroeconomic relationship that exist between the price level and the output level of all demand for goods and services that the households demand at every price level (McEachern, 2011). Since its derivation is from the combination of individual demands in an economy that are downward sloping, the AD curve also slopes downwards. I.e. it contracts with an increment in prices. The short run AS curve shows the relationship that exists between price and all the supply for goods and services intended to be sold by the firm at any given time given the price levels (Sexton, 2013). Since it is derived from the combinations of all upward sloping individual curves, the AS curve is also upward sloping. I.e. it expands with a price increment. The maximum production capacity is represented by the potential real GDP or rather the long run AS curve. The analysis In the derivation of individual demand curves, price for other goods and the income of households are held constant. However, this is not possible in the derivation of the AD curve. The only factor that economist decided to hold constant therefore is the money supply. From this, there are other reasons that hence explain the downward sloping AD curve that are not price related. One of them is the wealth effect where the wealth of households is considered to be reduced by a loss in purchasing power resulting from a price rise. The wealth that households hold become insufficient to cater for the demands for goods and services and they end up cutting their demand. The second factor is the interest rate effect where interest rate goes up as the price rises. The explanation is that since we have seen in the first factor that money held become insufficient to facilitate business transactions, households and businesses demand more money and borrow this from banks and other lending instituti ons. Since money is held constant, an increase in money demand follows the law of demand. I.e. it causes an increment in the cost of obtaining money; this cost is the interest rate. Households cut their spending to avoid obtaining money at the high interest rate. Finally we have the net export effect where the demand for exports fall and the demand for imports rise. Higher domestic prices makes exports expensive and imports cheaper. The difference between a small export quantity and a big import quantity is a reduced net export. Since net export is a component of aggregate demand, its decline results in a fall in AD. The short run AS curve slopes upward because supply expands as price rises owing to stickiness of wages and price in the short run (Mankiw, 2012). The real wage falls as prices rise since nominal wage remain fixed causing labour to be cheaper; firms employ more workers and output expands. The other explanation is workers nominal wage is increased and they think their real wage has increased also and they are motivated to supply more labour causing an output expansion. The long run AS curve is vertical since there is an assumption of optimal utilization of all resources apart from capital, labour and technology (Tucker, 2010). The firms supply is independent, and the expected profit determines the supply level. Where the three curves intersect, that the stable equilibrium that can be maintained in an economy. However, the optimal Real GDP level does not indicate the production limit. There is also a potential for production beyond the optimal real GDP since some components of AD may change causing it to expand. On the other hand, the full utilization of resources in an economy may not be applicable and the firms production level may fall below the optimal level of real GDP. This is because some changes in the AD components may lead to its contraction. However, the deviation from the optimal level of real GDP is in the short run as it cannot be sustained in the long run (Hubbard, Garnett, Lewis, O'Brien, 2012). The economy is assumed after sometime to get back to the optimal level of real GDP. These deviations from the stable equilibrium explains the need to incorporate the short run AS curve in the determination of the equilibrium point (Tucker, 2010). Initially, the price level and the output level is at the point where the three curves intersect. A fall in the AD will cause the AD curve to shift left from AD to AD1 (Burton and Lombra, 2000). This is at a lower price than the optimal price. The lower price will deduce that the production cost will fall of which will make firms and workers to raise the supply of output resulting in the supply curve shifting from SRAS to SRAS1. This is moves the equilibrium back to the potential but at a lower level. On the other hand, a rise in AD will cause the AD curve to shift right from AD to AD2 (Boyes Melvin, 2013). This is at a higher price than the optimal price. The higher price raises the cost of production which makes firms and workers to cut the supply of output resulting in the supply curve shifting from SRAS to SRAS2 Conclusion It is rare to find an economy operating at the optimal level where resources are utilized optimally. Far rare is the situation where resources are over utilized and the economys output exceed the optimal level. The most common situation is where resources are underutilized and production of output is below optimal. The three curves have to intersect to determine equilibrium as deviation from optimal are only short run and cannot be sustained in the long run. References Boyes, W. Melvin, M. (2013). Fundamentals of economics (1st Ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Bromley, R. (2016). Aggregate Goods and Services Equilibrium and Changes. Raybromley.com. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from https://www.raybromley.com/notes/ADASequiMove1.html. Burton, M. Lombra, R. (2000). The financial system and the economy (1st Ed.). Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Pub. Hubbard, R., Garnett, A., Lewis, P., O'Brien, A. (2012). Essentials of economics (1st Ed.). AU: Pearson Higher Education. Mankiw, N. (2012). Essential of economics (1st Ed.). US: Cengage Learning. McEachern, W. (2011). Econ macro 3 (1st Ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Sexton, L. (2013). Exploring macroeconomics. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tucker, B. (2010). Macroeconomics for today. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.